Architecture

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#21 Western European influence on the residential architecture in China at the end of the 19th – the first half of the 20th centuries (case study of Guangdong Province)

Abstract: The active phase of the development of eclecticism at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries significantly changed the Chinese settlements’ appearance, in particular in the Guangdong province, which, due to its special geopolitical position, is an outpost for the development of the European presence. Determination of the influence of [...] Load More European and national architecture on the formation of residential and public buildings in China of this period is at the initial stage of development. The reserach purpose is to identify the features of the formation of the eclectic architecture of residential buildings in China in the late 19th – early 20th centuries in the Guangdong province. In the study, literary, digital, cartographic, photo and video sources were studied and analyzed; expeditions to China and Southeast Asia were organized. At the same time, the method of observation and study of the source base was widely used. The descriptive method was applied to describe the compositional and stylistic features, planning solutions, urban planning situation of the objects under consideration. The comparison method allowed comparing the studied buildings with the samples of national architecture and European settlements’ architecture of the late 19th – first half of the 20th century. The historical-geographical analysis was carried out; the hypothetical-deductive method was used alongside with the method of graphic modeling and mapping. The periodization of the development of the Chinese-Western regional architecture and the principles of its distribution and correlation with the level of Europeanization were proposed; an extended typological classification of the main types of eclectic architecture in the region was developed. Based on the data obtained, the transformation of both Western and traditional architectural elements in the course of the development of eclectic architecture was analyzed, considering the peculiarities of the perception of semantics by the local population. The levels of such a transformation of Western techniques and elements and the degree of their integration in each of them were singled out. The prototypes of Sino-Western architecture were identified and systematized; the periodization of the development of the eclectic residential architecture in the Guangdong Province was described for the first time; the phases and system of the spread of eclecticism were considered; for the first time, a typology of Sino-Western architecture of residential buildings in the Guangdong Province was developed and the manifestation of European influence in the Guangdong Province was analyzed at the levels of urban planning, space-planning solutions, and decorative elements; the principles of transformation and synthesis of traditional and borrowed elements in the architecture of residential buildings in the province were revealed; a number of historical types of Chinese residential buildings, scientific terms, and a new block of foreign published sources were introduced into scientific discourse.
Keywords: architecture; residential buildings; West; China; Guangdong Province.
Date of publication: Summer 2023 / Deadline: 31 March 2023

Journal title: available for those who has paid.

Region of the journal publication: Europe.

Scientific field: Architecture.

Indexing of the journal: Scopus (Q1-2); WoS (Science Citation Index Expanded).

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#2-arch First Civilizations and their Architectural Phenomenon

Abstract: There have been around 150 primeval civilizations of differing sizes present in the lower point of Murgab river's ancient delta in Southern Turkmenistan, dating back to the middle and late bronze age, along with several contemporary monuments discovered in southern Uzbekistan's Amur-Darya and northern Afghanistan region. These settlements are credited [...] Load More for supplying the amazing material to build the new world, marking architectural history's prominence. According to Ancient Mesopotamian history, all of the settlements discovered belonged to the Bactrian-Margiana archaeological complex (BMAK), also known as the Oxis Civilization. These were fragments of the micro-oases or norms. There are strong signs of religious and administrative institutions in a few of them, very different from the neighboring residential buildings. Archaeologists who found and excavated these artifacts identified the sources of influence and the evolution of local building activities. It is key to note that the borrowings from the Mesopotamia, Indus Civilization, and the Syro Anatolian world were tried to uncover in an attempt. The extent to which the BMAK has penetrated ancient and medieval architecture in Iran and Central Asia has been determined. There are, however, more questions than their responses available. The article summarizes the structures examined, allowing readers to see where the key architecture and concepts of planning dominated in the pre-Achaemenid era. The BMAC's origin is a controversial topic, and we can only speculate as to who were the people of pre-writing culture, where they came from, and what kind of images aided as benchmarks in construction so far. There is a large proportion of poorly presented facts in the historiography of the ancient world's architecture and should be taken into account in terms of functional, technical, and social aspects. However, an attempt has been made to outline the study's summary, which helps to understand the monumental architecture's odds and ends. The uniqueness of the architecture of Bactrian-Margiana reflects an innovative structure that was missing earlier. These are "fortresses" with round or rectangular towers around the boundary walls, at the corners, and a circular plan, that differs from former Eneolithic structures by the detailed structure of geometric shapes and the willingness to pursue symmetry rules. These structures became more popular in the later centuries when other appreciated forms of BMAK material culture were no longer remembered. The ancient fortification canon was replicated only in later architectural eras, from Eastern Hellenism to the 19th century Vernacular. It is key to note that all of the monuments highlighted in the study clearly demonstrate the roots of monumentality in the architectural design of primary agricultural civilizations that emerged on the outskirts of the ancient Eastern world and had never come across a scale geometrics' like this before. This was facilitated by a significant shift in local communities' social life, which have amassed the necessary material and intellectual capital to carry out astonishing construction projects. Monumentality became a formal property of high-class residence and religious structures reflecting cultural mutation in the course of joining Margiana and Bactria in a comprehensive network of region-to-region contacts. Around the turn of the III-II millennia BC, the BMAK's representative architecture was notable creativity, and it faded from view, leaving dead temples substituted by fortified palace buildings. When the conditions' unity that determined its presence was disrupted, this civilization perished.
Keywords: Central Asia, the Oxus Civilization, Bronze Age, monumentality, representative architecture.
Date of publication: Summer 2023 / Deadline: 31 March 2023

Journal title: available for those who has paid.

Region of the journal publication: Europe.

Scientific field: Architecture, Social Sciences.

Indexing of the journal: Scopus (Q2-3).

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#16-archi Improvement in classification aspects of urban landscapes

Abstract: In the conditions of violation of the optimal balance of artificial and natural components of the urban environment due to various types of human activity, the need to harmonize the urban space is determined. One of the harmonization methods is architectural and landscape reconstruction of urban areas, which involves a targeted increase in their natural [...] Load More potential through structural reorganization. The purpose of this study was to improve the spatial and typological structure of anthropogenic landscapes. The ambiguities of approaches in the formulation of the content of the urban landscape concept and synonymization with the definition of the «residential landscape» have been revealed. With the use of the morphological method of cognition and content analysis, the essential content of the urban landscape has been clarified, taking into account the determination of structural elements and functional purpose of landscape areas, features of the transformation of vertical and horizontal structure of natural territorial complexes, and historical factors of landscape architecture development. Based on the literature review, the ambiguity of typologization of landscape areas and urban landscapes has been determined. The primary qualitative and quantitative taxonomic units of urban landscape classification have been identified using the deductive method of generalization. A multi-stage typological in-depth identification of urban landscapes has been developed and argued based on the clarification of the functional dependence between their types and transition from one type to another in the process of development, natural components, and boundaries of urban landscapes, landscape forming factors, and morphological structure and sustainability. The transformation of climatic parameters of water and air flows in urban landscapes, its general features, and zonal specificity have been analyzed and generalized. The advantages and prospects of using territorial zones as territories with the homogeneous genetic anthropogenic type of relief for the active development of architectural and landscape reconstruction of cities have been substantiated. The development of territorial zones, as well as effective management of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of anthropogenic impacts, will contribute to the moderate anthropogenic load on the urban landscape. The functions performed in it will correspond to its natural properties and resource potential. The results of the scientific research will be useful for a more accurate understanding and presentation of the main categories of spatio-temporal design and improvement of the theoretical foundations of landscape architecture.
Keywords: urban landscape, landscape area, territorial zone, reconstruction, anthropogenic impact, classification.
Date of publication: Summer 2023 / Deadline: 31 March 2023

Journal title: available for those who has paid.

Region of the journal publication: Europe.

Indexing of the journal: Scopus (Q2); WoS (Social Sciences Citation Index).

Scientific field: Engineering/Environmental Science.

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